Potent Mexican Meth Floods In as States Curb Domestic Variety

[Ryan Ruck]

Potent Mexican Meth Floods In as States Curb Domestic Variety

DES MOINES, Jan. 18 - In the seven months since Iowa passed a law restricting the sale of cold medicines used to make methamphetamine, seizures of homemade methamphetamine laboratories have dropped to just 20 a month from 120. People once terrified about the neighbor's house blowing up now walk up to the state's drug policy director, Marvin Van Haaften, at his local Wal-Mart to thank him for making them safer.

But Mr. Van Haaften, like officials in other states with similar restrictions, is now worried about a new problem: the drop in home-cooked methamphetamine has been met by a new flood of crystal methamphetamine coming largely from Mexico.

Sometimes called ice, crystal methamphetamine is far purer, and therefore even more highly addictive, than powdered home-cooked methamphetamine, a change that health officials say has led to greater risk of overdose. And because crystal methamphetamine costs more, the police say thefts are increasing, as people who once cooked at home now have to buy it.

The University of Iowa Burn Center, which in 2004 spent $2.8 million treating people whose skin had been scorched off by the toxic chemicals used to make methamphetamine at home, says it now sees hardly any cases of that sort. Drug treatment centers, on the other hand, say they are treating just as many or more methamphetamine addicts.

And although child welfare officials say they are removing fewer children from homes where parents are cooking the drug, the number of children being removed from homes where parents are using it has more than made up the difference.

"It's killing us, this Mexican ice," said Mr. Van Haaften, a former sheriff. "I'm not sure we can control it as well as we can the meth labs in your community."

The influx of the more potent drug shows the fierce hold of methamphetamine, which has devastated many towns once far removed from violent crime or drugs. As Congress prepares to restrict the sale of pseudoephedrine, the cold medicine ingredient that is used to make methamphetamine, officials here and in other states that have recently imposed similar restrictions caution that they fall far short of a solution.

"You can't legislate away demand," said Betty Oldenkamp, secretary of human services in South Dakota, where the governor this month proposed tightening a law that last year restricted customers to two packs of pseudoephedrine per store. "The law enforcement aspects are tremendously important, but we also have to do something to address the demand."

Here, officials boast that their law restricting pseudoephedrine, which took effect in May, has been faster than any other state's in reducing methamphetamine laboratories. Still, when Mr. Van Haaften, director of the Governor's Office of Drug Control Policy, surveyed the local police, 74 percent said that the law had not changed demand, and 61 percent said supply had remained steady or increased.

In a survey of treatment professionals, 92 percent said they had seen as many or more methamphetamine addicts; the state treated 6,000 in 2005 and expects to treat more than 7,000 this year, based on current trends. Some health officials said abuse among women, typically the biggest users of methamphetamine, was rising particularly fast.

While seizures of powdered methamphetamine declined to 4,572 in 2005 from 6,488 in 2001, seizures of crystal methamphetamine increased, to 2,025 from one.

Federal drug agents tend to describe ice as methamphetamine that is at least 90 percent pure. Officials here say much of their crystal methamphetamine is less pure - "dirty ice," they call it. But either is far more potent than homemade powdered methamphetamine; a "good cook" yields a drug that is about 42 percent pure, but around 25 percent is more common. And in the first four months after the law took effect here, average purity went to 80 percent from 47 percent.

Other states have seen the same.

"The Mexican drug cartels were right there to feed that demand," said Tom Cunningham, the drug task force coordinator for the district attorneys council for Oklahoma, the first state to put pseudoephedrine behind pharmacy counters, in 2004. "They have always supplied marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. When we took away the local meth lab, they simply added methamphetamine to the truck."

A methamphetamine cook could make an ounce for $50 on a stovetop or in a lab in a car; that same amount now costs $800 to $1,500 on the street, the police say.

"Our burglaries have just skyrocketed," said Jerry Furness, who represents Buchanan County, 150 miles northeast of Des Moines, on the Iowa drug task force. "The state asks how the decrease in meth labs has reduced danger to citizens, and it has, as far as potential explosions. But we've had a lot of burglaries where the occupants are home at the time, and that's probably more of a risk. So it's kind of evening out."

When the state surveyed the children in state protection in southeastern Iowa four months after the law took effect, it found that 49 percent were taken from parents who had been using methamphetamine, the same percentage as two years earlier, even as police said they were removing fewer children from homes with laboratories.

Some law enforcement officials say that addicts may find the crystal form more desirable. "If they don't have to mess with precursor chemicals, it's actually a bit easier on them, and safer," said Kevin Glaser, a drug task force supervisor for the state highway patrol in Missouri, which last year led the nation in methamphetamine lab seizures.

But the switch has also increased the risks. "People are overdosing; they're not expecting it to do this much," said Darcy Jensen, director of Prairie View Prevention Services in South Dakota. "They don't realize that that fourth of a gram they're used to using is double or triple in potency."

Federal officials say there are 1.4 million methamphetamine addicts in the United States, concentrated in the West, where the drug began to take hold in the late 1980's, and the Midwest and South, where it moved in the mid- and late 1990's.

Drug enforcement officials have always said that 80 percent of the nation's supply comes from so-called super labs, those able to make 10 pounds or more. But in some counties here, officials say that all the methamphetamine came from mom-and-pop labs that made the drug by cooking pseudoephedrine with toxic farm and household chemicals.

Law enforcement focused on the laboratories because they were so destructive: the police found children who had drunk lye thinking it was water, or went without food as parents went through the long binge-and-sleep cycles of using. Laboratories in homes, motels, abandoned farm buildings or cars frequently exploded, or dumped their toxic chemicals into drains or soil. Small police departments spent much of their time attending to contaminated sites.

More than 30 states have restricted pseudoephedrine in some way. Nine have put it behind pharmacy counters, and Oregon now requires a prescription to obtain it.

Addicts and cookers have proved to be skilled at getting around the restrictions; as one state imposes a law, bordering states see an increase in laboratories. Oklahoma recently linked its pharmacies by a computer database to track sales after discovering that cooks were going county-to-county buying from several pharmacies a day.

Iowa's law passed unanimously. As in other states, officials say the number of laboratories had already begun to decline, most likely because cooks feared they would be caught because there was so much public attention on the problem.

The law resulted in a decline of at least 80 percent. Police found 138 laboratories from June to December, down from 673 for the same period the year before. The state had hit a high of 1,500 lab busts in 2004, but with the law, had 731 for 2005, and expects just 257 this year. Law enforcement says the costs of policing and cleaning up labs will drop to $528,000 next year from $2.6 million in 2004.

But here and in many of the states with recent pseudoephedrine restrictions, frustration with the stubborn rate of addiction has moved the discussion from enforcement to treatment and demand reduction.

That discussion, officials say, will be much tougher.

After listening to Mr. Van Haaften's report on the effects of the law this week, State Representative Clel Baudler, a former state trooper who now heads the public safety committee for the Iowa General Assembly, charged his committee to come back to the next meeting with strategies to reduce demand.

"My fear is, when I ask what they think we should do, they'll say 'I don't know,' " Mr. Baudler said in an interview afterward. "We've increased penalties, we've increased prison time, we're still not getting in front of it."

Officials say they never advertised the law as one that would reduce methamphetamine addiction. Still, they are surprised at how the drug has hung on.

"Things that are highly destructive, including diseases, tend to be self-limiting," said Arthur Schut, president of the Mid-Eastern Council on Chemical Abuse in Iowa City, and a member of the state's drug policy advisory council. "This has been devastating. It's remarkable how quickly people are damaged by it."

Mr. Van Haaften, too, knows that it was too much to hope that the law would reduce demand. Still, he says, "I had a little hope."

"I knew of the addictive nature, but in my heart, I believed people didn't want to deal with dealers," he said. "They have guns, it's dangerous, if you make your own it's safer. I hoped for a dip, but the availability did not allow that to happen."

[Ryan Ruck]

'Mexican Ice' Fuels Drug Trade

Sherry Janes knows a methamphetamine addict when she sees one. She recognizes the despair in their eyes and understands the quiver in their voice, reminding her of the days -- the years -- when she was hooked.

A recovering drug addict who now works with substance-abuse patients at a Wichita Falls clinic, Janes said she is astonished by the type of meth now on the streets, a much purer and more dangerous form than was available when she was shooting up.

"There is no way I could have been a methamphetamine addict for 13 years with the dope they're using now," said Janes, 48, who recently celebrated her 18th year of sobriety.

She said she is certain that she would be dead.

Local, state and federal authorities say the methamphetamine problem in Texas, both trafficking and consumption, has reached epidemic proportions, even as a new state law is making it more difficult to buy common cold medicines used by meth "cookers" to make the drug.

"We've classified it as our most significant drug trade right now," said Pat O'Burke, deputy narcotics commander for the Texas Department of Public Safety. Along with the addiction, O'Burke said, there is plenty of "collateral damage."

Some of that damage:

Investigators cite one case after another in which young children have been rescued from homes where meth kitchens spew toxic fumes, pose the threat of an explosion and attract unsavory characters.

On Thursday, four Dallas police officers were wounded in a shooting after they tried to serve search warrants on a suspected meth-trafficking ring.

In early December, Stephen Heard, in a jailhouse interview with several media outlets, including the Star-Telegram, said he had taken methamphetamine the day he fatally shot Fort Worth police officer Henry "Hank" Nava in a confrontation.

Rise In Deaths

Authorities say they do not know for sure how many people in the state die each year from a drug that produces a dazzling high, followed by a spiraling drop into depression and dependency.

Experts are nearly certain, however, that the mortality rate is rising.

Jane Carlisle Maxwell, a research professor at the University of Texas at Austin's School of Social Work, said in an article written for the university that confirmed meth-related deaths have steadily risen in the state during the past several years.

Maxwell wrote that in 1997, 17 deaths were directly attributed to the use of either methamphetamine or, to a much smaller degree, amphetamines. In 2004, the death toll had reached 99.

The new state law has sharply cut the number of meth labs in the state, officials say.

But it has done nothing to curb Texans' appetite for the drug.

Many of them are turning to a more potent form, known as "Mexican ice," that is being transported over the Texas-Mexico border in record amounts, narcotics investigators and drug counselors say.

'Meth Epidemic'

"We have a meth epidemic right now," said Marcy Thomas, an administrator of substance-abuse counseling at the Helen Farabee Regional Mental Health and Mental Retardation Center in Wichita Falls.

The Texas Department of State Health Services allocated $84 million in 2004 and nearly $91 million in 2005 and has budgeted $94 million for this fiscal year to help pay for the treatment and counseling of indigent people who have fallen victim to substance abuse.

As many as 75 percent of those cases involve meth, experts say.

But at a time when state and federal officials are acknowledging a real problem in Texas, police are expressing dismay that the state is planning next month to cut off federal grants for drug task forces.

State officials concede that there is not enough money to go around because federal funding for law enforcement has dropped more than 57 percent the past three years.

Much of what is now available, they add, needs to be sent to the Mexican border to beef up efforts to stem the flow of drugs and to watch for illegal immigrants and potential terrorists.

Sgt. Kim Graham, commander of the Deep East Texas Regional Narcotics Trafficking Task Force, said the unit will shut down at the end of March after being told by Gov. Rick Perry's office that methamphetamine kitchens are no longer a top priority in her area.

"We do have local meth labs in East Texas and for some reason the governor of Texas thinks we don't. I don't know what people here are going to do," Graham said.

'Mexican Ice'

The meth market is also booming in North Texas, in counties along the Red River border with Oklahoma. Since summer 2003, the North Texas Regional Drug Enforcement Task Force has made 425 arrests, seized nearly $40 million in drugs -- including $21.8 million in methamphetamine -- and busted 116 drug labs, its records show.

Forty percent of the meth kitchens in the region have dried up since authorities began monitoring the sale of cold medicines, but Mexican ice is "definitely on the increase," said Jim Whitehead, commander of the Wichita Falls-based task force.

Despite the task force's impressive caseload and the continuing threat of an even more dangerous form of meth, the unit will be forced to shut down unless local government entities pick up the costs, Whitehead said.

The funding problems stem from a severe reduction in what the state gets in federal law enforcement grants, from $33 million in 2004 to $14 million this year, according to Rachael Novier, a spokeswoman for Perry.

It only makes sense, Novier added, to devote much of the federal funds to the Mexican border, considering the problems there.

"If we can reduce the amount of drugs that come across our border, reduce the ability of Mexican drug-trafficking organizations to operate in Texas and bring their poison into Texas, then we are having an impact all across Texas by focusing resources along the border," she said.

Cold Medicines

In August, a new Texas law required stores and pharmacies to begin monitoring and restricting the sale of cold medicines containing ephedrine, pseudoephedrine or norpseudoephedrine.

For years, cookers have used those ingredients to make methamphetamine through the "Nazi method," resulting in a diluted concoction developed by the Germans during World War II to keep their diminishing troops awake -- and wired. The law prohibits large purchases of the cold medicines and requires businesses to keep them behind counters or "in a locked case within 30 feet and in a direct line of sight" of an employee.

Local, state and federal authorities say they have seen a significant drop in "mom-and-pop" meth labs in the state since the law was enacted. One DPS report says state police raided 264 methamphetamine kitchens last year -- a 63 percent drop from the 717 labs found in 2004.

But while local meth labs were closing down, the trafficking of the stronger and more addictive Mexican ice was crossing the border at an ever-increasing pace, authorities concede.

Between Oct. 1, 2004, and Sept. 30, federal agents protecting the border seized 1,215 pounds of meth, most of it "ice," a 42 percent increase from the 858 pounds confiscated the year before, according to records with U.S. Customs and Border Protection.

An additional 507 pounds of the drug was confiscated between October and the end of January, more than double the amount seized during the same period a year earlier, agents say.

Mom-And-Pop Labs

"The law did away with the mom-and-pop labs but caused an increase in the more pure stuff coming over the border," said Trino Diaz, a 16-year agent and chief officer of the customs agency's port of entry near the South Texas border town of Hidalgo.

Montague County Sheriff Bill Keating, who is angry that the drug task force in his area may be closing down, said police and deputies still see caravans of "meth heads" looking for a place to score.

While Keating wants even tougher laws, he believes the one that makes it harder to turn a simple cold pill into meth is a good start.

"It's good to have this law," he said. "It's good that people are beginning to recognize [meth] is the scourge of Middle America right now."

Meth in Texas

Seizures of home drug labs have dropped from a high of 803 in 2003 to 264 in 2005. The decline has been attributed to a new law that makes it harder to obtain common cold medicines often used to make methamphetamine.

The Texas Highway Patrol is making its largest number of meth seizures along the Interstate 40 corridor, where the drug is coming in from other Western states, primarily Arizona, that share a border with Mexico.

Much of the meth traffic is directed toward the Dallas-Fort Worth area, then continues toward Oklahoma City and Missouri.

Federal law enforcement agencies report that 80 percent of the meth used in the United States is made in Mexico.

Mexican manufacturers are buying "massive quantities" of pseudoephedrine tablets, primarily from China, Panama and India, to make meth in "very controlled, high-quality labs."